are okinawans pacific islanders

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This also means developing more Asian American stories and not just slotting Asian Americans into white-centered narratives. In the Guerrilla's case, it's the essence of being an Okinawan in Hawai'i." The Tea . But - after intense . Uncover how food and healthy lifestyle leads to high life expectancy on Okinawa island, Japan, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/place/Okinawa-prefecture-Japan, Official Site of Okinawa perfecture, Japan, Official Site of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, Okinawa - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). freestar.config.enabled_slots.push({ Hatenohama Beach Address: Kumejima, Shimajiri District, Okinawa Prefecture Price: from 33.50 USD for half-day tour; from 52.64 USD for full-day tour. You may unsubscribe or adjust your preferences at any time. The Pacific Island Labourers Act 1901 was enacted to restrict entry of Pacific Islanders to Australia and to authorise their deportation. Australia's Indigenous population are loosely related to Melanesians and the United States Census categorize them under the Pacific Islander American umbrella. Pop. White savior narratives are storylines in which white characters save communities of color from a myriad of social ills and fantastical enemies such as poverty, racism, armies and monsters. They diagnosed me with bronchitis and sinusitis connected to chemical exposure, Heathcote said. WASHINGTON -- The U.S. will bolster its conventional deterrence against China, establishing a network of precision-strike missiles along the so-called first island chain as part of $27.4 billion. In 2011, Mitchell was the first reporter to interview US Air Force technicians on Okinawa in charge of the storage of nuclear weapons, which included over 1,200 warheads at Kadena and Naha Air Force Bases as well as at US Army ammunition dumps in Chibana and Henoko. [8] In an often geopolitical context, the term has been extended even further to include the large South Pacific landmass of Australia. Battle of Okinawa: 1 April 1945 - 22 June 1945. They show my work is reaching the attention of the US authorities. He was particularly pleased that the CIA had translated a Japanese TV report about his investigations into Agent Orange on Okinawa. Okinawa, ken (prefecture), Japan, in the Pacific Ocean. IE 11 is not supported. You can read our Privacy Policy here. To correct this inequality, color-conscious casting takes into consideration the historical impact of race when it comes to the exclusion of people of color on stage and screen. Easter Island is located in a remote part of the Pacific which is thousands of kilometers removed from both Polynesia and the South American continent. Sources/Usage Public Domain. Dawn Lee Tu, professional development and diversity and inclusion strategist at De Anza College. Click here to log inor subscribe. Okinawa, ken (prefecture), Japan, in the Pacific Ocean. As a Japanese territory before World War II, Okinawans did not ever fully adopted Japanese culture as their own. are okinawans pacific islanders. Eat more vegetables.Fill your plate with plenty of deep green or brightly colored veggies. var magazine_button_bg_color_384157 = ''; This month, the Ryukyu Shinpo reported, a fleet of FA-18 combat jets held day and night trainings at the contested base. Historically the rule of the Ryukyu Kingdom, centered on Okinawa Island, consolidated the Okinawa Islands before spreading south to the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands and north to Amami shima. The prefecture is composed of roughly the southwestern two-thirds of the Ryukyu Islands, that archipelago forming the division between the East China Sea to the northwest and the Philippine Sea to the southeast. The 82-day-long battle lasted from April 1 until June 22, 1945. Norfolk Island was uninhabited when discovered by Europeans, and later became politically integrated into Australia (and by extension, Australasia). . If the immigrant is "legal," then the immigrant at least has the hope of being welcomed at her or his destination, or at least accepted. One of the most riveting stories in his book concerns the US militarys storage of chemical weapons on Okinawa. [39] Nauru's main political partner since World War I has been Australia, excluding a brief period of Japanese occupation in World War II. In my language of Bengali, "desh" means homeland and "deshi" means someone who hails from that homeland. In 1972 the United States returned Okinawa Island to Japan, although the extensive U.S. military installations there remained operative. The distinction is not trivial. They suffered in the past and will inevitably suffer in the future., Mitchells recent book Poisoning the Pacific: The US Militarys Secret Dumping of Plutonium, Chemical Weapons, and Agent Orange, explores this largely unknown legacy. Dr. The first landings at Okinawa were on the outlying Kerama Islands on March 26, 1945 the last day of the Battle of Iwo Jima. In his interview, he was unperturbed by the surveillance. Okinawa is in many ways a paradigm of the Pacific island experience: once a kingdom whose dynamic trade relations throughout East and Southeast Asia helped connect an isolated Japan to the outside world, then a colony that epitomized Japan's efforts to reshape Asia, then the final, bloody battleground of the Pacific War, and now a Japanese magazine_button_text_384157 = ''; These people speak various Austrones. These distinctions amount to matters of life and death for the person who is classified as immigrant, refugee or undocumented immigrant. Will there be a 'Crazy Rich Asians' effect at Sundance? [54], By the 1980s, the United States Census Bureau grouped persons of Asian ancestry and created the category "Asian-Pacific Islander," which continued in the 1990s census. One of these Blue Zones is Okinawa, Japan, the largest of the Okinawa Islands and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. An individuals response to the race question is based upon self-identification. [56], According to the Office of Management and Budget, "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander" refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands. As an ethnic/racial term, it is used to describe the original peoplesinhabitants and diasporas of any of the three major subregions of Oceania (Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia).. Melanesians include the Fijians (), Kanaks (New Caledonia), Ni-Vanuatu (), Papua New Guineans . A growing number of islanders say it should be just . One Japanese university study estimated that noise from Kadena was responsible for an average of 10 deaths a year, with 17,000 people suffering from disturbed sleep. Micronesians include the Carolinians (Northern Mariana Islands), Chamorros (Guam and The Northern Mariana Islands ), Chuukese (Chuuk), I-Kiribati (Kiribati), Kosraeans (Kosrae), Marshallese (Marshall Islands), Palauans (Palau), Pohnpeians (Pohnpei), and Yapese (Yap). (2010) 1,392,818. We do know that more American and Japanese servicemen (including Okinawan conscripts) were killed on Okinawa than any other Pacific island. He wrote in his book that all the Air Force technicians he spoke to agreed that the presence of nuclear weapons on Okinawa made it a key target in a preemptive or a retaliatory strike; one of the veterans described Okinawans as human shields. Until that research, nobody understood that Okinawa has a central part in US WMD testing, usage, and storage throughout the Pacific, Mitchell told me. This began the largest land battle of the Pacific War which devastated island. University of Virginia. "Pacific Island Labourer" includes all natives not of European extraction of any island except the islands of New Zealand situated in the Pacific Ocean beyond the Commonwealth [of Australia] as constituted at the commencement of this Act. } Though considered by the Japanese as speaking a dialect, the Rykyans speak separate languages such as Okinawan, also known as Uchinaguchi, as well as Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni. The rest of Polynesia includes the Samoan islands (American Samoa and Samoa [formerly Western Samoa]); Cook Islands; French Polynesia (the Society Islands [Tahiti], Marquesas Islands, Austral Islands, and Tuamotu); Niue Island; Tokelau and Tuvalu; Tonga; Wallis and Futuna; Rotuma Island; Pitcairn Island; Nukuoro; and Kapingamarangi. He notes that the terms are sometimes taken to include Australia, New Zealand and the non-oceanic Papua New Guinea, however he does not consider them to encompass the Japanese archipelago, the Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan, Russia's Kuril Islands and Sakhalin Island or countries associated with Maritime Southeast Asia. During the Cold War and after, domestic politics on the island has repeatedly focused on the desire of Okinawa's residents to reduce or . Sweet potatoes, rice, and soybeans are also grown on the island, and textiles, sake (rice wine), and lacquerware are manufactured. Our ancestors were seafaring tribes who migrated to different archipelagos between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. View our current issue Health: According to Census Bureau projections, the 2020 life expectancies at birth for Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders are 80.8 years, with 83.2 years for women, and 78.5 years for men. [46] It provides visas for workers from Kiribati, Tonga, Vanuatu, and Papua New Guinea to work in Australia. The Okinawa Islands are part of the larger Ryukyu Islands group and are located between the Amami Islands of Kagoshima Prefecture to the northeast and the Sakishima Islands of Okinawa Prefecture to the southwest. So documents are vital., For that reason, he has donated most of his FOIA material for permanent display at universities and study centers in Okinawa, Hawaii, and Washington, D.C. To criticize the military is one of the last remaining taboos of the American mass media, he says. In the 2020 census, conducted by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Okinawan men lived to an average age of 80.27 and women reached 87.44. The Pentagon, through US Forces Japan, denies most of Mitchells claims. In their genetic analysis, Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi and Piazza (1994) identify Micronesians, Polynesians and Melanesians as a separate genetic cluster. In 1962, US commanders ordered a Marine named Don Heathcote to spray chemicals in the Okinawan jungle near his base as part of a series of biological warfare tests secretly carried out by the Pentagon during the Cold War. If Wales were the 51st state, not everyone living in Wales would be Welsh. Japanese Americans were "incarcerated" during World War II. They are an administratively-oriented group of islands and include the outlying Itorishima, which is otherwise seen as part of the Amami Islands. It h0uses 70 percent of the total number of US bases in Japan, where 50,000 American soldiers make up the Pentagons largest overseas contingent. . ". The chemical weapons were part of an operation called DOD Project 112 (Red Hat) in which Heathcote was involved. Sign up for our free daily newsletter, along with occasional offers for programs that support our journalism. The event was attended by dignitaries from Australia, New Zealand and some Pacific island countries. Mitchell uncovered the US militarys accidental use of depleted uranium rounds at an Okinawan live-fire range in 1995 and 1996, its dump of radioactive waste into sewers beneath US bases in mainland Japan in 2011, and hundreds of recent environmental accidents at US bases on Okinawa that were not reported to Japanese authorities. In a joint statement, the two leaders affirmed their ironclad support for the US-Japan military alliance and agreed that Japan would complete construction of a new US Marine air base at Henoko in northern Okinawa as the only solution to replace the unpopular Futenma facility. The island is currently administered by Australia, and Its residents are primarily European Australians who originated from the mainland, with a small number also being Asian Australians. Okinawa, located 350 miles from Japan's southernmost island, Kyushu, was the main island in the Ryuku chain. He also broke stories about the US testing of biological weapons and its storage and transshipment of Agent Orangethe defoliant used over Vietnamon Okinawa. Desmond Doss' actions on Hacksaw Ridge occurred during the Battle of Okinawa. [7] In other uses, it may refer to areas with Austronesian linguistic heritage like Taiwan, Indonesia, Micronesia, Polynesia and the Myanmar islands, which found their genesis in the Neolithic cultures of the island of Taiwan. In July 2019, at the inaugural Indonesian Exposition held in Auckland, Indonesia launched its Pacific Elevation program, which would encompass a new era of elevated engagement with the region, with the country also using the event to lay claim that Indonesia is culturally and ethnically linked to the Pacific islands. She has been a contributor for AAPIVoices.com, NewAmericaMedia.org, ChicagoIsTheWorld.org, PacificCitizen.org and InCultureParent.com. Dr. Nancy Wang Yuen, sociologist and author of Reel Inequality: Hollywood Actors and Racism. For me, such tactics are a sign of success, he told me. Reporters Without Borders investigated and confirmed Mitchells claims and found that other Okinawan journalists were affected. Up to 30 percent of the 270 million cluster bomblets dropped never exploded, killing or injuring 20,000 civilians since the bombing ended. The second phase of the Okinawa Campaign consisted of the objectives of Ie Shima, which housed the big airfield of the islands, and Motobu Peninsula. Geospatial and Statistical Data Center. Pacific Islanders, Pasifika, Pasefika, Pacificans or rarely Pacificers are the peoples of the Pacific Islands. Hundreds of thousands of service members, their families, and residents have been exposedbut the United States has hidden the damage and refused to help victims.. Spanish is spoken by a resident population only on the Ecuadorian Galpagos Islands, the Chilean possessions of Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Juan Fernndez Islands and a few other tiny islands. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. Unfortunately, this has historically meant that white actors can play any role, including characters of color. [1] As an ethnic/racial term, it is used to describe the original peoplesinhabitants and diasporas[1]of any of the three major subregions of Oceania (Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia). 1.Ryukyu Islands: 5 2.Okinawa Island Group: 6 3.The plan of Attack: 30 4.Advance in the North: 6th Marine, 4-8 April 1945: 140 5.Kakazu Pocket, 21 April 1945: 240 Map I: Strategic Situation in the Pacific Map II: Island of Okinawa Map III: Southern Okinawa Current Issue [34][35][36] In Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama (1974), Ian Todd states that, "New Zealand is uniquely gifted in its role as a Polynesian associate. Their environment has been decimated by the American military, he said. Native Hawaiians, in addition to all of the other ways that their sovereignty has been abrogated, lost for many years the right to their own language through oppressive English-language education. This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 00:08. Dr. Erika Lee, Ph.D., professor and director of the Immigration History Research Center at the University of Minnesota. There are approximately 400 million people of Austronesian descent in the world today. [23], Ian Todd's 1974 book Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama considers Oceania and the term "Pacific Islands" to also encompass the non-tropical Aleutian Islands,[24] as well as Clipperton Island, the Coral Sea Islands, the Desventuradas Islands, Guadalupe Island, the Juan Fernndez Islands, the Revillagigedo Islands, Salas y Gmez Island and the Torres Strait Islands. Mitchell is originally from Wales and lives in Yokohama. Similarly, whitewashing describes a non-Asian actor playing an Asian character either with or without the exaggerated makeup. tn_loc:'atf' Remote and uninhabitable islands in the central Pacific such as Baker Island were also generally isolated from humans prior to European discovery. Menu. [39] Hawaii is geographically isolated from Polynesia, and is situated in the North Pacific, unlike the rest of Polynesia, which is in the South Pacific. August 30, 2007. The United States needed a base to stage an invasion of mainland Japan. [2] The military bases of the United States in Okinawa Prefecture are located on the Okinawa Islands.[3]. Earlier this month, the importance of US bases to Americas Pacific strategy was underscored when Japans Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga was the first foreign leader to meet with President Joe Biden at the White House. Mire Koikari. [45], Despite this, Pacific Islanders were generally held in a much higher regard than Indigenous Australians were during the early 20th century. } He additionally includes the Galpagos Islands in his definition of the South Pacific, but does not include any other islands located within the southeastern Pacific area, aside from Easter Island which is considered part of Polynesia. "Chinaman" was a racial stereotype; a foreign (and unassimilable) menace who competed with whites for jobs, had a lower standard of living, and was racially inferior to whites. Norman Kaneshiro. [52], To celebrate the diverse Pacific island cultures, the Auckland Region hosts several Pacific island festivals. To submit a correction for our consideration, click here. The islands were under the influence of colonial powers such as Germany, Spain and Japan from the 16th century up until the end of World War II. [1], Auckland, New Zealand has the world's largest concentration of urban Pacific Islanders living outside of their own countries, and is sometimes referred to as the "Polynesian capital of the world. Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands. Historical Amnesia About Slavery Is a Tool of White Supremacy. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The Chinese aircraft carrier Liaoning sails into Hong Kong in July 2017. The Pentagon, he writes, began placing these weapons during the Korean War and incrementally added more over decades. The U.S. Census Bureau must adhere to the 1997 Office of Management and Budget standards on race and ethnicity which guide the Census Bureau in classifying written responses to the race question. What does Desi mean? For Reprints and Permissions, click here. Thousands of Native Hawaiians have gathered on Hawaii Island to prevent construction of the $1.4 billion Thirty Meter Telescope on the top of Mauna Kea which, for them, is sacred ground. 2020 November 17. After the organization reported the incidents, the USAF sites were restored to all users. [51] Some smaller island populations such as Niue and Tokelau have the majority of their nationals living in New Zealand. This ceremony highlighted the traditions of many Asian and . An ethnic group. slotId: "thenation_article_indent", Weaving has been passed down from mother to daughter for centuries on the small islands and atolls of Yap, one of four island states in the Federated States of Micronesia, originally known as the Caroline Islands. The Okinawa Gunt, defined by the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department of the Japan Coast Guard, cover the following islands: The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI) defines the Okinawa Shot. Mitchells work has encouraged us to reject the us versus them dichotomy and see commonality so we can help each other, Hideki Yoshikawa, an anthropologist and activist who directs the Okinawa Environmental Justice Project, told me. Defining Diaspora is a series of workshops and programs that allows participants to increase understanding of and connection to the diaspora that makes up Asian, Pacific Islander, and Desi communities. The Battle of Okinawa was the last major battle of World War II, and one of the bloodiest. On Okinawa alone, during 82 days of fighting, approximately 100,000 Japanese troops and 12,510 Americans were killed, and somewhere between 42,000 and 150,000 Okinawan civilians died as well. tn_pos: 'rectangle_1', [12] Oceanic islands beyond that which neighbor Central America and South America (Galpagos, Revillagigedo, Juan Fernndez Islands etc.) The Okinawan prefectural assembly unanimously backed a letter demanding the removal of the base off the island. In 2000, "Asian" and "Pacific Islander" became two separate racial categories. Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, "Nansei Shot no chiiki meish no rekishiteki oyobi seijieki haikei", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okinawa_Islands&oldid=1089585151, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 24 May 2022, at 16:51. As 'Asian American' turns 50, what comes next? But, as in World War II, the fighting will also envelop any islands housing the air and naval bases of either side, such as China's installations on islands in the South China Sea and U.S. bases in Japan, Okinawa and the Philippines. Lal, B., and K. Fortune, eds. [9], In the North Pacific, non-tropical islands in and around Alaska, Japan and Russia were inhabited by people related to Indigenous American and Far East Asian groups,[10] with some Japanese ethnic groups also being theorized to be related to Indigenous Pacific groups. [51] Those with a Samoan background make up the largest proportion, followed by Cook Islands Mori, Tongan, and Niuean. Micronesians make up the second largest, including primarily Chamoru from Guam; as well as other Chamoru, Carolinian from the Northern Mariana Islands, Marshallese, Palauans, and various others. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. During WWII, Okinawa was a major location used in the U.S. military's. [39], In 2008, a "Pacific Seasonal Worker Pilot Scheme" was announced as a three-year pilot experiment. Is there a better term we should be using? The prosthetics typically flatten eyelids and slant eyes while the makeup gives a yellow hue to the skin. Updates? CIA reports obtained by Mitchell suggested that Japanese leftists were exploiting the incident for a good propaganda ride., Mitchell has also reported extensively on water pollution on US bases. Have Voters Noticed? November 16, 2020 Is colorblind casting the solution or the problem? On the rugged slopes of Mauna Kea, Hawai'i's highest volcano, a major standoff erupted in mid-July after . Regarding Australia, he further wrote, "Australia plays a leading economic role in the south-west Pacific area commonly known as Melanesia. [1] The prefectural capital of Naha is within the island group. The 1997 OMB standards permit the reporting of more than one race. Okinawa, Japan's poorest prefecture, previously had the highest longevity indices in the country. tn_author: ['tim-s'], HAWAIIAN: Caution. Progressives Slam Bidens Foreign Policy Team Protesters hold placards as they stage a sit-in to block construction vehicles working on the expansion of Camp Schwab, a United States military base, on May 31, 2018, in Nago, Okinawa prefecture, Japan. "The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia." In 1968, the term "Asian American" was coined by Yuji Ichioka and Emma Gee and other student activists as a strategic, unifying political identity for Asian ethnic groups to use as they resisted U.S. imperialism in Southeast Asia, and white Americans' use of "Oriental" as a derogatory term for Asians in the United States. The 1997 OMB standards permit the. APIDA refers to the broad pan-ethnic classification that includes East Asian, South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Pacific Islander populations . And the perceived threat of Chinese immigration led to a range of local, state and national laws that discriminated against Chinese immigrants and ultimately barred most from entering the U.S. under the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act. One explanation: Polynesians came to South America, and then took South Americans onto their boats to voyage back out to sea. T ruthout. For all peoples indigenous to Oceania, see. Jon Mitchell, the investigative reporter for the Okinawa Times who interviewed Heathcote and Mohler, has spent years documenting the Pentagons brazen use of the Pacific as a testing site and dumping ground for dangerous weapons. The word "internment camp" was coined later, by the War Relocation Authority, as a euphemism. Jun Xu, professor of sociology at Ball State University, and Jennifer C. Lee, associate professor at Indiana University, in The Marginalized Model Minority: An Empirical Examination of the Racial Triangulation of Asian Americans. [42][9], The population of the Pacific Islands is concentrated in Papua New Guinea, New Zealand (which has a majority of people of European descent), Hawaii, Fiji, and Solomon Islands. Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium, "Defining Diaspora: Asian, Pacific Islander, and Desi Identities | Cross-Cultural Center | CSUSM", "Taiwan Austronesian Language Heritage Connecting Pacific Island Peoples: Diplomacy and Values", "Search tips - Pacific Islander Research Starter - Academic Guides at Walden University", "The Ryukyu Islands and the Northern Frontier of Prehistoric Austronesian Settlement", "East of Easter: Traces of human impact in the far-eastern Pacific", "Mystery Islands of Remote East Polynesia: Bibliography of Prehistoric Settlement on the Pitcairn Islands Group", "Investigating early settlement on Lord Howe Island", "Hollywood on Howe: Australia's Most Exclusive Ecotourism Spot", The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the U.S. Pacific Remote Island Areas, Web copy "Our Equatorial Islands with an Account of Some Personal Experiences", "Scars of Empire: Harvard's Role in U.S. Colonialism in the Philippines", "Indonesia's "Pacific Elevation": Elevating What and Who? Asian A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand and Vietnam. New Caledonia (and Vanuatu to a lesser extent) were under French colonial influence from the 19th century onward. More recently, Mitchell documented severe water contamination in drinking wells around Yokota Air Base, the headquarters of US Forces Japan near Tokyo where American presidents and other senior US officials land when they visit Japan. Although Japan surrendered on Aug. 14, 1945, the Japanese on Okinawa did not officially surrender until Sept. 2, 1945. Explore Search Information Systems Maps and Mapping (November 30, 2021) - The Office of Management and Budget's Directive 15 on race and ethnic standards for federal statistics and administrative reporting defines Pacific Islanders as persons having origins in any of the original peoples of the Pacific Islands. The model minority image also conceals the fact that the poverty rate among Asian Americans is higher than that of whites. Frances Kai-Hwa Wang is a freelance writer and speaker based in Michigan and Hawaii. [38] This is not the case with other Australian islands that were inhabited by Indigenous peoples prior to European discovery, such as Fraser Island, Great Palm Island and the Tiwi Islands. tn_ptype: 'article', Wherever the United States military goes, it contaminates and damages the environment and human health, he told me. In ethnolinguistic terms, the Pacific islanders of Oceania are divided into two different ethnic classifications:[37], In Australia, the term South Sea Islander was used to describe Australian descendants of people from the over-80 islands in the western Pacific who had been brought to Australia to work on the sugar fields of Queenslandthese people were called Kanakas in the 19th century.[44]. The U.S. war in Laos was kept a secret because it violated the Geneva Conventions of 1954 and 1962, which resulted in an agreement that Laos would remain neutral in the Cold War. The Okinawa Times. [2], The umbrella terms Pacific Islands and Pacific Islanders may also take on several other meanings. Details as to civilian casualties are virtually unknown, but Okinawan authorities and the U.S. military estimate 100,000-150,000 Okinawans perished.

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