religion anthropology quizlet

For boys to become men they must endure the bit of the bullet ant. Rituals embody the religious tradition of which they are a part. The standard direct labor cost is $20 per hour. Rites marking transitions between places or stages of life. - Structuralism Formal, repetitive, stereotyped behaviour; based on a liturgical order. Comes from the latin Religar - To Tie, To Bind. 2. \text{Manufacturing margin}&&\$\hspace{5pt}1,570,000\\ Liminality-limbo between states 2. Most concentrate on one of these, but some combine them. Learn anthropology religion with free interactive flashcards. Cultural, especial religious, mixes, emerging from acculturation. - Functionalism based on the society. The founder of the anthropology of religion. -Argued that people "bet high" (there is less to be lost by attributing human characteristics to other creature and phenomena than by getting is wrong), - Proponent of a contemporary earth-based spirituality -> wrote a book of "rituals, invocations, exercises and magic" 2. Often collective. \text{Fixed costs:}\\ Durkheim wrote groundbreaking texts about modernity, sociological method, and suicide (among others); in 1896 he founded the journal L'Anne sociologique and trained or influenced a generation of French scholars including Marcel . - Scientific model of the planet as a single 'organic' system, seen as analogous to a human body rather than as a series of atomized, unrelated elements, dim lit room -> soft music ->sit in chair with senior mediums in the room -> bow an close eyes-> mediums reach out but do not touch you, and move their hands over you-> realigns your spiritual balance, Describe Roy Rappaport's concepts of higher and lower order cosmologies. +Theory of binary oppositions (biological basis) c. Calculate the expected returns for portfolios AB, AC, and BC. Seen in chiefdoms and archaic states. T/F: Many anthropologists have argued that there is a relationship between the emergence of monotheism and the increasing social and political complexity of certain pre-historic societies. $$ the study of people who are known only from their physical and cultural remains. Rituals of ablution, prayer, meditation, offerings at a home altar, and so on are typically undertaken by lay persons as a part of the daily enactment of their religious beliefs. Be sure to read the feedback. +social control -> controlling bodies= the ultimate outward sign of complete conformity to authority (posture, behavior, no privacy), - The body is a model which can stand for any bounded system. Diminished role of priests, salvation is directly available to individuals. During the liminal state, which can last from a few hours to days or weeks, the youth are separated from the rest of the society and undergo a process whereby they are supposed to let go of their previous state of mind and prepare for their new identity as adults. Ignore the cross product between the real rate of interest and the inflation rate. Thus, vows and rituals go hand in hand. A particular type of greeting on meeting someone may be a traditional ritual but is not always required. 1. Such rituals can be either communal or individual and can be performed by the beneficiary or by an officiant. In any of the possible two-stock portfolios, the weight of each stock in the portfolio will be 50%. Answer: Sociology and Anthropology are social science disciplines that focus on studying the behavior of humans within their societies. Can reside in people, animals, plants and objects. &\text { Treatments }\\ -> thus all societies are structured around oppositions (raw vs. cooked) Magicians use this to produce a desired effect by imitating it. a primal horde has an alpha male, who is killed by the other males in an act of patricide; in reverence to the deceased alpha male the culture "worships" him, leading to monotheism, structural functionalist who theorized that society produces religion because religion supports social systems; did not believe in individualistic religion or naturalistic origin, symbolic interactionalist who defined religion is a system of symbols, defined religion as a system of actions and interactions based upon culturally shared beliefs in sacred supernatural powers, wrote that people who believe in secularization miss the meaning of science; science cannot prove or disprove the superempirical, studied the structuralism of human minds, focusing on myth; believed all cultures share cognitive patterns (for example, binary oppositions), wrote "On Key Symbols" +thought of them as racially pure Prior to the puberty ritual, young boys and girls are viewed as children; they generally have few responsibilities or powers and relatively few distinctions. Address how such orientations are normally determined. Additionally, fasting, abstinence, solitude, and other similar practices may be performed. 2. These rituals have often been labeled magic by outsiders to the traditions in which they exist. What is its labor rate variance for the period? "state-dependent memory, learning and behavior. Term comes from mount Olympus-home of the Greek gods. Inquiring into the relationship between the divine, sacred, and the social order, and attendant beliefs, movements, and institutions are some of the oldest questions in Anthropology and continue to be some of the most relevant to the modern world. totem. Such rituals may be periodic, as those mentioned above, or may be performed for special occasions. Are social acts. Publicly communicate values, morals and thoughts of a given group. Most religious rituals, on the other hand, are presentational. Rites of passage are seen as a movement from structure to anti-structure and back again to structure. \end{aligned} Lacks written scripture and formal creeds Why is depreciation added back to cash flow? Mediate between people and supernatural beings and forces. A religious ritual is a prescribed, routinized, and ceremonial action or set of actions, the function of which is symbolic and has specific significance to the performer and the performers community. On the empirical level, they facilitate individual identity formation while validating and reaffirming the beliefs, values, and social cohesion and stability of the community. African traditions remain strong, also strong Christian origins Includes spells, formulas, and incantations used with deities or with impersonal forces. Grimes, R. L. (1982). The latter are meant to draw the community into joint participation and expression of acceptance of the beliefs and values being expressed by the ritual. A perspective that aims to identify and understand the wholethat is, the systematic connections between individual cultural beliefs and practicesrather than the individual parts. They are to be performed with the hope, but not guarantee, that the supernatural being who is propitiated will grant forgiveness. \text{Net income} & \$\hspace{5pt}38,000 & \text{Depreciation expense} & \$ 13,000\\ Religion and social life are inseparable, there is no clear division between the 'sacred' and 'profane', List three characteristics of World religions, 1. These typically include physical cleansing of participants, ritual items, and ritual sites. Elements of the natural world that are often considered to be "natural symbols" include all but which of the following? Their functions and significances are generally personal, social, symbolic, and not necessarily mandatory. Separate from larger religion from which they arose because it is "corrupt". \hline & & & & & \\ In these cultures, shamans are called upon for special and individualized rituals, such as performing exorcisms, curing illnesses, warding off curses, and mediating with the world or spirits and ancestors. They function to transition youth from a state of relative freedom and social powerlessness to one of increased power, as well as increased social and familial responsibility. General term encompassing curers (witch doctors), mediums, spiritualists, astrologers, palm readers, and other diviners. -She eventually became aware that being an ethnographer meant studying the self as well as the other. and "What role do religions play in a society? 3. Contents. + sexually egalitarian, Thought of ritual as a performance planned or improvised that effects the transformation life to an alternative context within which the everyday is transformed . Religion is a pattern of beliefs values and actions that are acquired by members of a group. Stanford, CA 94305Phone: 650-723-3421anthropology [at] stanford.eduCampus Map. \hspace{10pt}\text{Fixed manufacturing costs}&\$\hspace{15pt}160,000\\ Reconcile the variable costing income from operations of $1,255,000 with the absorption costing income from operations determined in (a). 3. Anthropology of religion is the study of religion in relation to other social institutionsand the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures. Anthropologies of 'World' Religions Although most anthropologists feel uneasy with the idea that so-called world religions such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, and Hinduism can be regarded as autonomous systems, there has been a move in recent decades for researchers to identify themselves as ethnographers of a particular religion. Through their focus on practice and learning they bring the anthropology of religion into conversation with questions of ethics and moral philosophy. Identifies Shamanic, communal, Olympian and monotheistic religions. Why is the study of religious beliefs challenging for anthropologists quizlet? Why is the study of religious beliefs challenging for anthropologists? T/F: All societies have a word that translates roughly as "religion." An example of the latter is a ritual done to purify or sanctify a place or object. Religions/Anthropology Flashcards | Quizlet Religions/Anthropology Term 1 / 86 What is the primary ethical duty of Khalsa Sikhs? Superior African medicine - The belief in a single abstract force, not anthropomorphized , which runs through all of the world. prayers to request the forgiveness of sins. \text{Loss on sale of land} & 20,000 & \text{Payment of dividends} & 7,400\\ Thought religion came from people trying to understand conditions and events the could not explain. While monogamy traditionally referred to the union of one man and one woman, there are some countries that recognize same-sex unions. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a myth? They can be seen in many forms of animal life, from ants to humans. Arose with state organizations and marked social stratification. Are revitalization movements. The "structural" study of myth is different than other approaches because it does not take cultural context into account when deciding what myth "means." Thus crossing oneself in a Catholic Mass would be a ritualized behavior but shaking hands would not. \text{Acquisition of land with cash } & 43,000 & \text{Payment of income tax} & 15,000\\ It is now understood as one of the causes of irrational trade-offs in decision making, the reconciliation of God and humankind through Jesus Christ, the act of giving one tenth of one's income to the church, pre-Christian religious traditions that have been revived and are practiced in contemporary times, a new group considered mainstream, yet differs on just a few points from the mainstream religion, the preferred term for the term "cult" to avoid confusion and negative connotations, at the far end of the continuum from mainstream religions to denominations and sects, the result of societal conditions such as lowered life expectancy in lower socioeconomic classes, a society's way of justifying structural violence and making it seem natural, a sense of identification with and loyalty to one nation above all others, originally used to refer to the opponents of liberal Protestantism who were urging a return to the "fundamentals" of Christianity as a way to guide those whom they believed had lost their way The Christian practices of baptism and communion, the Jewish Seder, and the annual Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca are some examples. - Universality in religion, humans naturally face toward the rising sun Some animals are venerated because they represent anomalies that cross categories of human thought, The parts of the body that are sometimes thought of as "natural symbols" that were discussed by your text include all but the following. 1 What do anthropologists emphasize in definitions of art? 3. Following the work of Bruce Lincoln, list three ways in which female rites of passage typically differ from those of males. Religion was an expression of social cohesion. "Theories are analytical tools for understanding, explaining, and making predictions about a given subject matter" (1). ; 3 Religion: Crash Course Sociology #39; 4 What was the ceremony of purification and why was it needed? Don't over reach on interpretation --> symbolism is open to individual interpretation, and our interpretation may be different. Thought religion came from people trying to understand conditions and events the could not explain. Whatever is done to an object is believed to affect a person who once had contact with it. Mimic how Europeans use or treat objects. Most of these protagonists (at least in the most commonly studied myths) are. ", a system of beliefs that act to contain natural selfishness of individuals and to promote social cooperation, making sense of cultural systems by studying meaning, concerned with the relationship between culture and personality and the connection between the society and the individual, refers to things that are not human but have humanlike characteristics and behave in humanlike ways, refers to the idea that people know, or think they know, what is going on in other people's minds, a general term for processes of the human brain that include perception, learning, memory, concept formation, and problem solving, a belief that the nature of the supernatural is unknowable, that it is impossible to prove the nonexistence of the supernatural as it is to prove its existence, the way in which societies perceive and interpret their reality, seen by members of the culture as representing events that have actually taken place, although some embellishment often occurs, stories recounted as having really happened, primarily on the Internet or in tabloids, sacred stories that tell the origin of the world and humankind, the existence and activities of gods and spirits, the creation of order in the universe, and the nature of illness and death, explains a culture's view of the proper organization of human relationships, inborn elements of the unconscious that are manifested in dreams and myths, the catastrophic destruction of the world, stories involving heroes throughout the world, the same basic story line followed by all hero myths: "A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man. 5. Schilbrack, K. Rites of passage are seen as a movement from structure to anti-structure and back again to structure. Social Evolution of Anthropological Theory Anthropological Theory Why learn theory? Are polytheistic. It can be tapped into by humans through ritual and experience. \hline \text { Source of Variation } & \text { SS } & \text { df } & \text { MS } & F & \text { p-value } \\ Also has priesthood and notions of divine power, views the supernatural differently- are manifestations of, or are under the control of a single eternal, omniscient, omnipotent, and omnipresent supreme being. "Aluna" is a parallel ethereal realm which mirrors the physical world -> exchanges are made in order to maintain fertility and cycles of existence, - concept of "communitas" to describe the unstructured, egalitarian, human relatedness Mana It is designed to help you learn the material. + trans-formative power (symbolic by nature). - British anthropologist, she worked with the people of Mafia Island in Tanzania Believed the study of society should be dispassionate and scientific. Examples include daily meditation, prayers before meals, Sunday mass, or full moon services. Which of the following would not be an example of a rite of passage? Belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers and forces (Anthony Wallace). 4. Western societies are motivated by lower order values that are not considered sacred. 1. Our courses and research also address the questions of discipline, virtue, and emotion. "voodoo dolls". Role of explaining. Your chapter provides several reasons that animals are important as symbols, how do Functionalists see them? \end{array} Although the study of mythology originated with a focus on Greek and Roman societies, comparative study of mythology developed as anthropologists began studying indigenous peoples and as linguists began studying sacred texts of other world religions besides Judaism and Christianity. It also explores how the evolutionary past of primates and early humans is used and understood by contemporary cultural anthropologists. They form the basis from which world religions have developed maybe, maybe not Choose from 1,435 different sets of anthropology religion flashcards on Quizlet. Proposed religion evolved from animism-polytheism-monotheism. an approach to anthropology studying human societies as systematic sums of their parts, as integrated wholes, the study of people who are known only from their physical and cultural remains, the study of contemporary human societies, the technique of study involving living within the community and participating to a degree in the lives of the people under study, while at the same time making objective observations, characteristics that are found in all human societies, discussing groups in the present tense as they were first described by ethnographers, a geographical area in which societies tend to share many cultural traits, peoples who plow, fertilize, and irrigate their crops, peoples who garden in the absence of fertilization, irrigation, and other advanced technologies, peoples without any form of plant or animal domestication, peoples whose primary livelihood comes from the herding of domesticated animals, a technique used to reveal things that are difficult or impossible to discover by other means, attempting to see the world through the eyes of the people being studied, using one's own society as the basis for interpreting and judging other societies, attempting to describe and understand people's customs and ideas without judging them, a complex whole, which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society, shared understandings about the meaning of certain words, attributes, or objects, such as the color red symbolizing *stop* in traffic signals, a definition in which one defines terms so that they are observable and measurable and therefore can be studied, a definition that focuses on the way a topic manifests itself or is expressed in a culture, a definition that focuses on what a topic does either socially or psychologically, a definition that looks at what is the essential nature of a topic, referring to things that are "above the natural", denotes an attitude wherein the subject is entitled to reverence and respect, a belief in spirit beings (gods, souls, ghosts, demons, etc. \end{array} These range from greeting rituals to elaborate and highly complex governmental and national rituals. The more indigenous and traditional a religion, the more its rituals are presentational. Monogamy, the union between two individuals, is the most common form of marriage. New York: Routledge. They typically integrate the rituals into their daily lives, along with eating, working, and so forth. May be marked ritually and symbolically by reversals of ordinary behaviour. According to your text, arguments for the presence of religious practice in pre-historic societies has included all but which of the following? emphasized summarizing symbols, which represent complex sets of ideas, and elaborating metaphors, including root metaphors and key scenarios, ritual involving the manipulation of religious symbols such as prayers, offerings, and readings of sacred literature, rituals that are required to be performed, rituals that arise spontaneously, frequently in times of crisis, rituals performed on a regular basis as part of a religious calendar, rituals performed when a particular need arises, such as a marriage or a death, rituals that attempt to influence or control nature, hunting and gathering rites of intensification, rituals that influence nature in the quest for food, rituals designed to protect the safety of people engaged in dangerous activities, rituals that seek information about the unknown, healing rituals; rituals that deal with illness, accident, and death, rituals that bring about illness, accident, or death, rituals that serve to maintain the normal functioning of a community, rituals that delineate codes of proper behavior and articulate the community's worldview, rituals that accompany changes in an individual's status in society, rituals that focus on the elimination of alien customs and a return to a native way of life, gifts or even bribes, or economic exchange designed to influence the supernatural, the anthropological study of medicinal plants, each position in a series of positions, each one defined in terms of appropriate behavior, rights and obligations, and relationships to one another, the relative placement of each position in the society, a ceremony whereby a male child becomes a member of the Jewish community, the first phase of a rite of passage, in which the individual is removed from his or her former status, the second step in a rite of passage, during which several activities take place that bring about the change in status, the final phase in a rite of passage, during which the individual reenters normal society, though in a new social relationship, the state of ambiguous marginality during which the metamorphisis takes place during a rite of passage, a state in which there is a sense of equality, but the mere fact that a group of individuals is moving through the process together brings about a sense of community and camaraderie, in many traditional societies, the boys who are initiated together and form very close bonds, a specific status defined by age, such as warrior or elder, the removal of the labia minora along with the clitoris, the removal of the entire clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora and the sewing together of the remnants of the labia majora, leaving a small opening for urination and the passing of menstrual blood, an impersonal supernatural force that is found concentrated in special places in the landscape, in particular objects, and in certain people, a characteristic of most symbols: no direct connection with the thing they refer to, the ability to use symbols to refer to things and activities that are remote from the user, the feature of symbols allowing one to create a new symbol, such as a name, to refer to a new object, has a positive meaning such as prosperity and good luck, but most Americans and Europeans looking at it experience anger or dread, any five-sided figure, but generally used to refer to a five-pointed star, the symbol most clearly associated with Christianity, a word that is derived from the first letter of a series of words, a pipe through which a spirit moves from a tomb into a temple sanctuary during rituals, a religious system focusing on expressions of sacred time and space, the fusion of elements from two different cultures, instruments that are struck, shaken, or rubbed, instruments that incorporate a taut membrane or skin, instruments with taut strings that can be plucked or strummed, hit, or sawed, instruments where air is blown across or into some type of passageway, such as a pipe, the manipulation of supernatural power as a direct means of achieving an end, magic depends on the apparent association or agreement between things, things that were once in contact continue to be connected after the connection is severed, assumes there is a causal relationship between things that appear to be similar, based on the premise that things that were once in contact always maintain a connection, the practice of making an image to represent a living person or animal, which can then be killed or injured through doing things to the image, such as sticking pins into the image or burning it, fertility rituals that function to facilitate the successful reproduction of a totem animal, the belief that signs telling of a plant's medical use are somehow embedded within the structure and nature of the plant itself, an oral text that is transmitted without change; the slightest deviation from its traditional form would invalidate the magic, an object in which supernatural power resides, antisocial magic, used to interfere with the economic activities of others and to bring about illness and even death, a perceived revival of pre-Christian religious practices, techniques for obtaining information about things unknown, including events that will occur in the future, involves some type of spiritual experience such as a direct contact with a supernatural being through an altered state of consciousness, usually possession, more magical ways of doing divination, including the reading of natural events as well as the manipulation of oracular devices, refers to a specific device that is used for divination and can refer to inspiration or noninspirational forms, divination that happens without any conscious effort on the part of the individual, divination that someone sets out to do, such as reading tarot cards or examining the liver of a sacrificed animal, refers to divination through contact with the dead or ancestors, fortuitous happenings, or conditions that provide information, reading the path and form of a flight of birds, refers to chance meeting with an animal, such as a black cat crossing one's path, the examination of the entrails of sacrificed animals, the placing of bones in a fire and reading the patterns of burns and cracks to determine a response, the use of flour (as in fortune cookies) for divination, using a forked stick to locate water underground, the reading of the lines of the palm of the hand, the study of the shape and structure of the head, either fortuitous or deliberate, an altered state of consciousness in which a supernatural being (be it an ancestor, a ghost, a spirit, or a god) communicates through an individual, fortuitous in that the prophet receives information through a vision unexpectedly, without any necessary overt action on the part of the individual, the possession of a medium by a spirit who then speaks through the medium, people who undergo deliberate possession involving an overt action whereby the individual falls into a trance, painful and often life-threatening tests that a person who is suspected of guilt may be forced to undergo, such as dipping a hand into hot oil, swallowing poison, or having a red-hot knife blade pressed against some part of the body, the assumption of a causal relationship between celestial phenomenal and terrestrial ones and the influence that the stars and planets have on the lives of human beings, relatively simple forms of magical thinking that represent simple behaviors that directly bring about a simple result, such as carrying a good luck charm, receives his or her power directly from the spirit world; acquires status and abilities, such as healing, through personal communication with the supernatural during shamanic trances or altered states of consciousness, a central vertical axis that links the middle zone, the upper world, and the lower world; allows the movement of the shaman between the realm of the natural and supernatural, a technique of body movements, or magical passes, aiming to increase awareness of the energy fields that humans are made of, "the near universal methods of shamanism without a specific cultural perspective", focused on an individual, as opposed to the community, often as a self-help means of improving one's life; choose to participate and focus on what they consider the positive aspects of shamanism, as opposed to the traditionally recognized "dark side of shamanism", full-time religious specialists associated with formalized religious institutions that may be linked with kinship groups, communities, or larger political units; given religious authority by those units or by formal religious organizations, participate in activities similar to those of U.S. medical practitioners; may set bones, treat sprains with cold, or administer drugs made from native plants and other materials, specialists in the use of plant and other material as cures; may prescribe the materials to be administered or may provide the material as prescribed by a healer or diviner, someone who practices divination, a series of techniques and activities that are used to obtain information about things that are not normally knowable, a mouthpiece of the gods; communicates the words and will of the gods to his or her community and to act as an intermediary between the gods and the people, refers to individuals who have an innate ability to do evil, not depending on ritual to achieve his or her evil ends but simply willing misfortune to occur, a belief in the gratification of one's desires, a new awareness of something that exists in the environment, occurs when a person, using the technology at hand, comes up with a solution to a particular problem, the apparent movement of cultural traits from one society to another, the process of inventing a new trait through the receiving of an idea of one culture from another, the rapid change experienced by a subordinate culture as traits from a dominant culture are accepted, often at a rate that is too rapid to properly integrate the traits of the dominant culture into the subordinate culture, when the dominated society has changed so much that is has ceased to have its own distinct identity, a fusing of traits from two cultures to form something new and yet, at the same time, permit the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form, the dispersion of a people from their homeland, a religious or secular movement to bring about a change in society, manifesting as a result of a reaction to assimilation, develop in societies in which the cultural gap between the dominant and subordinate cultures is vast; these movements stress the elimination of the dominant culture and a return to the past, keeping the desirable elements of the dominant culture to which the society has been exposed, but with these elements now under the control of the subordinate culture, attempt to revive what is often perceived as a past golden age in which ancient customs come to symbolize the noble features and legitimacy of the repressed culture, based on a vision of change through an apocalyptic transformation, believe that a divine savior in human form will bring about the solution to the problems that exist within the society, a belief system among members of a relatively undeveloped society in which adherents practice superstitious rituals hoping to bring modern goods supplied by a more technologically advanced society, a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common, refers to the deteriorating quality of decisions made by an individual after a long session of decision making.

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