the following describe internal states of symptoms except

Interestingly, since the advent of electric light, the amount of sleep that people get has declined. Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist. Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet 1. Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . Think meditation might help? Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Historically, hypnosis has been viewed with some suspicion because of its portrayal in popular media and entertainment (Figure 4.20). Homeostasis refers to the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. Causes. People vary in terms of their ability to be hypnotized, but a review of available research suggests that most people are at least moderately hypnotizable (Kihlstrom, 2013). The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy. Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). As mentioned earlier, REM sleep is marked by rapid movements of the eyes. Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). Like all opioids, codeine does have abuse potential. Codeineis an opioid with relatively low potency. When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. Thus we sleep in safe areas to reduce the chance of harm. This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). Sleepwalking, restless leg syndrome, and night terrors are all examples of parasomnias (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. PSY 352 Health Psy Quiz 1 - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 - StuDocu For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . 23. Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. One particular aspect of the internal state is that a method applied to the object being in a defined internal state (= a specific set of all its attributes' value) will result in another, also defined (and reproducible) internal state. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). This chart illustrates the circadian change in body temperature over 28 hours in a group of eight young men. Homeostasis (article) | Human body systems | Khan Academy Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. Homeostasis: How the Body Strives for Balance - Verywell Mind Just as bears hibernate in the winter when resources are scarce, perhaps people sleep at night to reduce their energy expenditures. Using crystal meth poses a number of serious long-term health issues, including dental problems (often called meth mouth), skin abrasions caused by excessive scratching, memory loss, sleep problems, violent behavior, paranoia, and hallucinations. They were ALL my fault. Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. In general, these drugs are not thought to possess the same sort of abuse potential as other classes of drugs discussed in this section. Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. This is similar to the kind of paralysis experienced by healthy individuals during REM sleep (Burgess & Scammell, 2012; Hishikawa & Shimizu, 1995; Luppi et al., 2011). High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. Keep your bedroom temperature between 60 and 67 degrees. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. Watch this, Sleep, which we all experience, is a quiet and mysterious pause in our daily lives. Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. . Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. Has something like this ever happened to you? Fever. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Among a variety of neurobiological evidence, John Hobson cites research on lucid dreams as an opportunity to better understand dreaming in general. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. Recommendations like these have helped to decrease the number of infant deaths from SIDS in recent years (Mitchell, 2009; Task Force on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2011). Complications. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . Stage 3is often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because this stage is characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitudedelta waves(Figure 4.10). Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. The body maintains homeostasis for many factors in addition to temperature. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. The heart rate slows . It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. . A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Although she did not experience any dream-like hallucinations, she was diagnosed with narcolepsy as a result of sleep testing. Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders Sleep regulationrefers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. 1. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. Natural opioids, calledopiates, are derivatives of opium, which is a naturally occurring compound found in the poppy plant. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). d. both b and c. 2. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. Not surprisingly, insomnia treatment may take one of several different approaches. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. In addition, these individuals may wake up several times during the night only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep. Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013). However, the success rate of such treatments is questionable. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. Heroin can be snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked. While hypnosis is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform meditation alone. Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. During periods of emotional arousal, the woman complained that she felt some weakness on the right side of her body. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. 0. This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____.

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