characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

Trade. [7], Inaccessibility, water shortages, and infestations of disease-causing insects, mainly mosquitoes, prevented the use of large parcels of potentially productive land. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). About three-quarters of the total sheep flock is in the highlands, whereas lowland pastoralists maintain about three-quarters of the goat herd. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. [12], In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[13]. In chtse area intensive farming is carried on in limited. In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. In pastoral areas, livestock formed the basis of the economy. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . Local demand for meat, milk and eggs is growing as the economy and population grow. With the GOE looking to partially liberalize the wheat import market, local millers are beginning to explore opportunities to import wheat directly. The high concentration of animals in the highlands, together with the fact that cattle are often kept for status, reduces the economic potential of Ethiopian livestock. Agriculture accounted for 50% of GDP, 83.9% of exports, and 80% of the labor force in 2006 and 2007, compared to 44.9%, 76.9% and 80% in 20022003, and agriculture remains the Ethiopian economy's most important sector. Sandy desert soils cover much of the arid lowlands in the northeast and in the Ogaden of southeastern Ethiopia. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). The main objective of this review is to indicate the policy gaps in terms of access . The program, designed for rural development, was first introduced in a project called the Chilalo Agricultural Development Union. major pulse crops grown in the country are chickpea, haricot beans, lentils, fababean and peas, The Ethiopian Orthodox Church traditionally has forbidden consumption of animal fats on many days of the year. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . The chicken business also shows promising opportunities. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). [7], Ensete, known locally as false banana, is an important food source in Ethiopia's southern and southwestern highlands. There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. <i>Objective</i>. The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. Food as a most essential good 3 2.5. 2. [17], Ethiopia's flower industry has become a new source for export revenue. This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. However, even with this anticipated increase in chicken meat production, demand is expected to outstrip supply, thereby creating potential opportunities for imports. Agricultural equipment and systems, such as tractors, irrigation equipment, and grain handling Infrastructure like, silos, cold storage facilities, etc. 27 May 2021. The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand. The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. Ensete flour constitutes the staple food of the local people. fINTENSIVE FARMING. For this reason, some environmental experts maintain that large-scale conservation work in Ethiopia has been ineffective. Practically all animals are range-fed. Mengistu and his advisers believed that state farms would produce grain for urban areas, raw materials for domestic industry, and also increase production of cash crops such as coffee to generate badly needed foreign exchange. This is a best prospect for Ethiopia. [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. Some informal trade is most likely occurring in production areas located along borders. With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. In the late nineteenth century, about 30% of Ethiopia was covered with forest. Ethiopia is well positioned because highland temperatures make it ideal for horticulture, the average wage rate is US$20 per month (compared to US$60 a month in India), the price of leased land is about US$13 per hectare, and the government has tremendously aided the entry of new businesses into this sector in recent years. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. [7], Government attempts to implement land reform also created problems related to land fragmentation, insecurity of tenure, and shortages of farm inputs and tools. The clearing of land for agricultural use and the cutting of trees for fuel gradually changed the scene, and today forest areas have dwindled to less than 4% of Ethiopia's total land. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. The ten-year plan called for an increase in the size of state farms producing coffee from 14,000 to 15,000 hectares to 50,000 hectares by 1994. Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. Taro, yams, and sweet potatoes are commonly grown in the same region as the ensete. The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. D. espite the countr. Approximately 25% of Ethiopia's population depended directly or indirectly on coffee for its livelihood. A large chunk of this commercially produced red meat, most of which is currently mutton and goat meat is exported to the Middle East in order to generate foreign exchange. Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. Resembling the banana but bearing an inedible fruit, the plant produces large quantities of starch in its underground rhizome and an above-ground stem that can reach a height of several meters. Commercial agriculture using the river basins, such as the Awash Basin, is a recent phenomenon. Barley is cultivated mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters in Ethiopia. Agriculture accounts for most of (30-42%)t of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. 2. During the same period (197387), population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent (2.4 percent for 198087). Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 197475 to 74,900 tons in 198485. These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. Recurring drought takes a heavy toll on the animal population, although it is difficult to determine the extent of losses. Agriculture. The country, therefore, is expected to import wheat and soybeans in the coming years. Due to physical, economic and social factors the. TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. [7], While efforts are being made to intensify and industrialize the sector, questions arise as to how Ethiopia can develop and expand its livestock population when Ethiopians already struggle to gain access to good soil, grazing land, and water. @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Regular and reliable harvests helped generate stable tax income that led to relatively strong governmental structures that were ultimately the reason that Ethiopia was the only country not to be colonized in the late-nineteenth century Scramble for Africa apart from Liberia. >. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1965 and 1973, while population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent during the same period. However, expansion was constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as extension services, insufficient data with which to plan improved services, and inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding, marketing, and processing. The existence of so many land tenure systems, coupled with the lack of reliable data, made it difficult to give a comprehensive assessment of landownership in Ethiopia, as well as depressed the ability of peasants to improve themselves. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. Consequently, individual holdings were frequently far smaller than the permitted maximum allotment of ten hectares. Agriculture >. The government and the international community are working together to address many of these challenges. Much of the food deficit was covered through food aid. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. The most important agricultural exports include coffee, hides and skins (leather products), Pulses, oil seeds, beeswax, and, increasingly, tea. Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. The Blue Nile River. The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. Agriculture in Ethiopia. [5] Ethiopia's livestock population is believed to be the largest in Africa, and in 20062007 livestock accounted for 10.6% of Ethiopia's export income, with leather and leather products making up 7.5% and live animals 3.1%. However, these cattle do relatively well under the traditional production system. Where the topography permits, they are suitable for farming. Prior to the Revolution, urbanization increased the demand for fruit, leading to the establishment of citrus orchards in areas with access to irrigation in Shewa, Arsi, Hararghe, and Eritrea. Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave3, 2015-2016. Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture. [7], The objectives of villagization included grouping scattered farming communities throughout the country into small village clusters, promoting rational land use, conserving resources, providing access to clean water and to health and education services, and strengthen security. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. Consequently, Ethiopia became a net importer of grain worth about 243 million Birr annually from 198384 to, 198788. However, rural households are still faced with severe food insecurity and malnutrition. Lake Tana Subbasin's Economy and The Role of Natural Resources -- 22. Brighter Green, 2. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. In the future, the government intends to work with the private sector to develop capacity to process some of these commodities, like fruits and vegetables, in order to add value and capture higher export prices. Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. Merkebu Getachew. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. Overview. In addition to its domestic use, sesame is also the principal export oilseed. During the rainy seasons, water and grass are generally plentiful, but with the onset of the dry season, forage is generally insufficient to keep animals nourished and able to resist disease. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. A lock ( A locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Second, because peasants faced food shortages, they gave priority to cereal staples to sustain themselves. "Agriculture" (and subsections), updated with latest figures from the CSA. As reviewed from different literatures household demographic characteristics, household resource endowments, social, cultural, infrastructural, institutional and economic factors influence the . Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Brighter Green, 6. Ethiopia is home to abundant livestock resources. In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. in addition to these cereals, they produce different types of fruits and coffee which are not seasonal. Regional Agricultural Research Centers (RARCs) under the respective regional bureaus of agriculture. Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. Productivity and technology. The market is segmented by type into food crops, fruits, and vegetables. Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. Search term. As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. Similarly, the area of cultivation increased from 22,600 hectares in 197475 to 33,900 hectares in 198485.[7]. Contributions, potentials and characteristics of agriculture in Ethiopia The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia The Ethiopian economy is an agrarian economy. By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. [27], Poultry farming is widely practiced in Ethiopia; almost every farmstead keeps some poultry for consumption and for cash sale. Wubne, Mulatu. The second type consists of brownish-to-gray and black soils with a high clay content. Agron., 16: 180-195. . Such wide price variations created food shortages because farmers as well as private merchants withheld crops to sell on the black market at higher prices.[7]. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. This study (1) investigates the extent and spatial distribution of soil acidity . In addition, the GOE is looking to the agro-processing sector (also a best prospect sector detailed below) as one engine to spur future economic growth. Title. The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . Download. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. [17], Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia below elevations of about 1,400 meters. The principal grains are teff, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, and millet. The most important oilseed is the indigenous Niger seed (neug), which is grown on 50 percent or more of the area devoted to oilseeds. Pulses were a particularly important export item before the revolution. The directorates goal is to increase productivity, employment, technology transfer, and foreign exchange reserves by attracting investors with incentives and favorable land lease terms. [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. Potential niche market for wheat and soybean exports. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. areas like Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh, elsewhere it is practiced on traditional lines. [7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. Ethiopias commercial red meat (beef, mutton and goat) industry has made remarkable progress to date and shows considerable growth potential for the future. In the 20062007 EFY hides, skins and leather products made up 7.5% of the total export value; live animals accounted for 3.1% of the total value of exports during the same period. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. In Ethiopia, agricultural export development is done in livestock, grains, vegetables, fruits, and fruits. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. Agriculture is one of the best prospect sectors for growth in Ethiopia. [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. The Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. [6] Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. Under the Homegrown Economic Reform Program,the GOE intends to make the textile and apparel industry one of the economic engines that will propel future growth. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. 133 8.5.2. First, the recurring droughts had devastated the country's main areas where pulses and oilseeds were grown. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. For example, during the pre-reform period, sixty-one out of 200 farmer respondents owned three or four parcels of land; after the reform, the corresponding number was 135 farmers. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds.

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